A job was budgeted to require 5 hours of labor per unit at $11.00 per hour. The job consisted of 8,300 units and was completed in 39,500 hours at a total labor cost of $460,300. What is the direct labor rate variance?

Why is it easier for new entrants to get involved in radical innovations when compared to incumbent firms? a. unlike incumbent firms, new entrants do not have to face the high entry barriers, initially. b. new entrants are embedded in an innovation ecosystem, while incumbent firms are not. c. unlike incumbent firms, new entrants do not have formal organizational structures and processes. d. incumbent firms do not have the advantages of network effects that new entrants have.