To overcome the potential shortcomings of single-year decision making metrics, many investors in real estate also perform multiyear discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation. DCF valuation differs from the single-year ratio analysis in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A. Only with DCF must the investor estimate an appropriate investment horizon accounting for how long she will hold the property.
B. Only with DCF must the investor select the appropriate yield at which to discount all expected future cash flows.
C. Only with DCF must the investor make explicit forecasts of the property's net operating income for each year in the expected holding period.
D. Only with DCF must the investor use defensible cash flow estimates that incorporate appropriate measures of income and expenses, long-term trends, comparable properties, and social / legal environment conditions.

Suppose that fixed costs for a firm in the automobile industry (start-up costs of factories, capital equipment, and so on) are $5 billion and that variable costs are equal to $17,000 per finished automobile. because more firms increase competition in the market, the market price falls as more firms enter an automobile market, or specifically, , where n represents the number of firms in a market. assume that the initial size of the u.s. and the european automobile markets are 300 million and 533 million people, respectively.a. calculate the equilibrium number of firms in the u.s. and european automobile markets without trade.b. what is the equilibrium price of automobiles in the united states and europe if the automobile industry is closed to foreign trade? c. now suppose that the united states decides on free trade in automobiles with europe. the trade agreement with the europeans adds 533 million consumers to the automobile market, in addition to the 300 million in the united states. how many automobile firms will there be in the united states and europe combined? what will be the new equilibrium price of automobiles? d. why are prices in the united states different in (c) and (b)? are consumers better off with free trade? in what ways?