Brenda has recently been denied a promotion. This is the third time she was turned down for promotion despite excellent performance reviews. Her manager assures her that she was qualified for the promotion but "that's just the way things go." After this latest disappointment, Brenda did an in-depth research on the history of her company. She found that only two women candidates had been promoted to upper management positions in the company’s entire history. Which of the following factors is most likely obstructing Brenda’s career growth?

The options are given below:

A. a diversity-oriented employer

B. a wide span of control

C. the glass ceiling effect

D. the black swan effect

E. an affirmative action

The correct option is C. The Glass Ceiling Effect

Explanation: The glass ceiling is a term used in organizations, it is a metaphor that is used to refer to an invisible and artificial barrier that prevents women and minority groups from being promoted to top managerial and executive level positions within an organization.

The scenario presented above is a perfect example of the glass ceiling effect, this is because, though Brenda is qualified for the promotion, she is denied it regardless, because "that's just the way things are". As you can see, the reason for the denial of her promotion is not a professional issue, just a tradition to always suppress the advancement of certain categories of people.

C) The glass ceiling effect

Explanation:

First of all, the glass ceiling effect is illegal and is prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. The glass ceiling effect refers to the resistance that exists in some private companies to let women or minorities advance in the company's hierarchy. Generally promotions favor white men and the careers of Brenda and others unfairly suffer due to this practice.

It was very common during the 1970s and 1980s in American corporations, but the Civil Rights Act of 1991 enabled employees to sue their employers and not just get hired back or receive lost wages. Since employees can sue now for much larger sums of money, things have gotten fairer.

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