Joe was tired of working for other people. He had an idea to start his own ice cream business and wanted to set it up where he alone would be responsible for the decisions and the rewards. In this case, he is exhibiting:

Authority - Responsibility Balance & Incentive Development.

Explanation:

Authority refers to the power to command, give orders to somebody. And enjoying the position of having right to get it obeyed.

Responsibility refers to being in a position of accountability, answerability for an allocated task or job & its performance.

For Eg : A manager  given responsibility to complete a task of production targets achievement, is also given authority to command the entire staff at the production site.

Joe had problem while working for someone else that :- he had responsibility to complete employers allocated task, but may be not given enough authority to do so, thats why he felt he is being 'commanded by, working for' someone else. Also, he doesn't owe the rewards of his acts, so lacks incentive.

Being an entrepreneur will entitle him with managerial responsibilities, but at the same time will also give him higher authority to take his own independent decisions. And, he is himself responsible for his acts, will bear losses or enjoy profits for himself. So, it also incentivises him to work for himself.

answer; normative economics;

answertop managers;