Herr Corporation has 3,000 shares of 8%, $120 par value preferred stock outstanding at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2017, the company declared a $132,000 cash dividend. Determine the dividend paid to preferred stockholders and common stockholders under each of the following scenarios. 1. The preferred stock is noncumulative, and the company has not missed any dividends in previous years 2. The preferred stock is noncumulative, and the company did not pay a dividend in each of the two previous years. 3. The preferred stock is cumulative, and the company did not pay a dividend in each of the two previous years

1. $28,800

$103,200

2. $28,800

$103,200

3. $86,400

$45,600

Explanation:

1. The dividend paid to preferred stockholders = Shares × Par value × Percentage

= 3,000 shares × $120 × 8%

= $28,800

The dividend paid to Common stockholders = Cash dividend - Dividend paid to preferred stockholders

= $132,000 - $28,800

= $103,200

2. The dividend paid to preferred stockholders = Shares × Par value × Percentage

Note :- Because preferred stocks are non-cumulative in nature, the company is not allowed to pay last two years' dividends and preferred stocks are liable for payment only for the current year.

= 3,000 shares × $120 × 8%

= $28,800

The dividend paid to Common stockholders =  Cash dividend - Dividend paid to preferred stockholders

= $132,000 - $28,800

= $103,200

3. The dividend paid to preferred stockholders = Shares × Par value × Percentage × Number of years

Note: Since preferred stocks are cumulative in nature, the company is forced to pay last two years' dividends along with the current year's dividend.

= 3,000 shares × $120 × 8 % × 3 years

= $86,400

The dividend paid to Common stockholders = Cash dividend - Dividend paid to preferred stockholders

= $132,000 - $86,400

= $45,600

sound is invisible, but sometimes we can feel it. when a kettle-drum is thumped with a stick that time the tight drum skin moving up and down very quickly for some time and then it pumped sound waves into the air. loudspeakers also work in a similar manner.

components of a speaker:

electromagnet

in order to translate an electrical signal into an audible sound, an electromagnet is used in looudspeakers

  suspension

suspension is used to   center the voice coil in the gap of the magnet and it exerts a restoring force to keep it there. suspension is used to limits the maximum mechanical excursion of the diaphragm and voice coil.

voice coil

voice coil is a coil of wire which is attached to the apex of a loudspeaker cone. it provides the motive force to the cone by the reaction of a magnetic field to the current passing through it.

cone

in a   loudspeaker, a   thin, semi-rigid membrane attached to the voice coil, which moves in a magnetic gap due to which it vibrates   and produced sound. it is known as diaphragm and it can also be called a cone, though not all speaker diaphragms are cone-shaped.

surround

surround is also known as front suspension. surround is used to join the cone to the chassis. together with the suspension it controls the cone excursion, and it is also used to   determine how energy which is   travelling through the cone is absorbed, and how the speaker limits when it reaches the ends of its travel.

dustcap

dustcap is used to protect the voice coil from dust and dirt. it is a part of the cone.

how speaker work

the outer part of the cone is fastened to the outer part of the loudspeaker's circular metal rim. the inner part is fixed to   voice coil that sits just in front of a permanent magnet . when loudspeaker is hooked up to a stereo, electrical signals feed through the speaker cables into the coil. it will convert the coil into an electromagnet magnet . when electricity flows back and forth in the cables, the electromagnet either repels or attract the permanent magnet. this moves the coil back and forth, and it pull and push the loudspeaker cone. like a drum skin vibrating back and forth, the moving cone pumps sounds out into the air.in this way loudspeakers works.