Fill in the blanks with given options.
Most economists believe that real economic variables and nominal economic variables behave independently of each other in the long run. For example, an increase in the money supply, a variable, will cause the price level, a variable, to increase but will have no long-run effect on the quantity of goods and services the economy can produce, a variable. The notion that an increase in the quantity of money will impact the price level but not the output level is known as .
Options:
a. real
b. nominal
c. price neutrality
d. monetary neutrality
e. the quantity theory

You are the manager of a large crude-oil refinery. as part of the refining process, a certain heat exchanger (operated at high temperatures and with abrasive material flowing through it) must be replaced every year. the replacement and downtime cost in the first year is $165 comma 000. this cost is expected to increase due to inflation at a rate of 7% per year for six years (i.e. until the eoy 7), at which time this particular heat exchanger will no longer be needed. if the company's cost of capital is 15% per year, how much could you afford to spend for a higher quality heat exchanger so that these annual replacement and downtime costs could be eliminated?