During 2017, Eaton Co. introduced a new product carrying a two-year warranty against defects. The estimated warranty costs related to dollar sales are 4% within 12 months following sale and 6% in the second 12 months following sale. Sales and actual warranty expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 are as follows: Actual Warranty

Sales Expenditures

2017 $ 400,000 $8,000

2018 600,000 14,000

$1,000,000 $22,000

At December 31, 2018, (assuming the accrual method) what amount should be reported as an estimated warranty liability?
Why are warranties recorded as an expense in the year of the sale, i. e., what accounting principle applies?

Exercise 18-15 sheffield appliance center is an experienced home appliance dealer. sheffield appliance center also offers a number of services for the home appliances that it sells. assume that sheffield appliance center sells ovens on a standalone basis. sheffield appliance center also sells installation services and maintenance services for ovens. however, sheffield appliance center does not offer installation or maintenance services to customers who buy ovens from other vendors. pricing for ovens is as follows. oven only $790 oven with installation service 850 oven with maintenance services 970 oven with installation and maintenance services 990 in each instance in which maintenance services are provided, the maintenance service is separately priced within the arrangement at $180. additionally, the incremental amount charged by sheffield appliance center for installation approximates the amount charged by independent third parties. ovens are sold subject to a general right of return. if a customer purchases an oven with installation and/or maintenance services, in the event sheffield appliance center does not complete the service satisfactorily, the customer is only entitled to a refund of the portion of the fee that exceeds $790. assume that a customer purchases an oven with both installation and maintenance services for $990. (b) indicate the amount of revenue that should be allocated to the oven, the installation, and to the maintenance contract.

As a result of a labeling mistake at the chemical factory, a farmer accidentally sprays weedkiller rather than fertilizer on half her land. as a result, she loses half of her productive farmland. if the property of diminishing returns applies to all factors of production, she should expect to seea. a decrease in the marginal productivity of her remaining land and an increase in the marginal productivity of her labor. b. an increase in the marginal productivity of her remaining land and an increase in the marginal productivity of her labor. c. an increase in the marginal productivity of her remaining land and a decrease in the marginal productivity of her labor. d. a decrease in the marginal productivity of her remaining land and a decrease in the marginal productivity of her labor.

Suppose we are interested in bidding on a piece of land and we know one other bidder is interested. the seller announced that the highest bid in excess of $9,500 will be accepted. assume that the competitor's bid x is a random variable that is uniformly distributed between $9,500 and $15,500. suppose you bid $12,000. what is the probability that your bid will be accepted?