15-6: Gardial Green Lights, a manufacturer of energy-efficient lighting solutions, has had such success with lts new products that it is planning to substantially expand its manufacturing capacity with a $20 million investment in new machinery. Gardial plans to maintain its current 40% debt-to-total assets ratio for its capital structure and to maintain its dividend policy in which at the end of each year it distributes 45% of the year's net income. This year's net income was $9 million. How much external equity must Gardial seek now to expand as planned?

Skychefs, inc. prepares in-flight meals for a number of major airlines. one of the company's products is grilled salmon in dill sauce with baby new potatoes and spring vegetables. during the most recent week, the company prepared 4000 of these meals using 960 direct labor hours. the company paid these direct labor workers a total of $19,200 for this work, or $20.00 per hour. according to standard cost card for this meal, it should require 0.25 direct labour-hours at a cost of $19.75 per hour.1. what is the standard labor-hours allowed (sh) to prepare 4,000 meals? 2. what is the standard labor cost allowed (sh x sr) to prepare 4,000 meals? 3. what is the labor spending variance? 4. what is the labor rate variance and the labor efficiency variance?