We cover the different ways in which variable costing and absorption costing treat fixed manufacturing overhead. Under variable costing, direct materials, direct labor, and the variable portion of manufacturing overhead are treated as product costs. So, only those manufacturing costs that vary with output are treated as product costs under variable costing. Fixed manufacturing costs are expensed as period costs. Absorption costing treats all manufacturing costs as product costs, regardless of whether they are variable or fixed. In each month, fixed manufacturing overhead cost is divided by the number of units produced to determine the fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit under absorption costing. Overview of Variable and Absorption Costing Knowledge Check 01 The difference between absorption costing net operating income and variable costing net operating income can be explained by the way these two methods account for . multiple choice 1 all overhead costs fixed overhead costs selling and administrative expenses variable overhead costs Knowledge Check 02 Absorption costing income statements ignore . multiple choice 2 direct materials and direct labor costs direct and indirect cost distinctions product and period cost distinctions variable and fixed cost distinctions Knowledge Check 03 When the number of units produced is greater than the number of units sold, variable costing net operating income will be .

Assume that all of thurmond company’s sales are credit sales. it has been the practice of thurmond company to provide for uncollectible accounts expense at the rate of one-half of one percent of net credit sales. for the year 20x1 the company had net credit sales of $2,021,000 and the allowance for doubtful accounts account had a credit balance, before adjustments, of $630 as of december 31, 20x1. during 20x2, the following selected transactions occurred: jan. 20 the account of h. scott, a deceased customer who owed $325, was determined to be uncollectible and was therefore written off. mar. 16 informed that a. nettles, a customer, had been declared bankrupt. his account for $898 was written off. apr. 23 the $906 account of j. kenney & sons was written off as uncollectible. aug. 3 wrote off as uncollectible the $750 account of clarke company. oct. 20 wrote off as uncollectible the $1,130 account of g. michael associates. oct. 27 received a check for $325 from the estate of h. scott. this amount had been written off on january 20 of the current year. dec. 20 cater company paid $7,000 of the $7,500 it owed thurmond company. since cater company was going out of business, the $500 balance it still owed was deemed uncollectible and written off. required: prepare journal entries for the december 31, 20x1, and the seven 20x2 transactions on the work sheets provided at the back of this unit. then answer questions 8 and 9 on the answer sheet. t-accounts are also provided for your use in answering these questions. 8. which one of the following entries should have been made on december 31, 20x1?