How does right tailed test differ from a left tailed or two tailed test?

What is the second step in communication planning? determine the purpose of the message outline the communication for delivery determine the best channel of communication clarify objectives identify the audience

What could explain why a decrease in taxes could lead to a less-than-proportionate increase in output? a. as a result of diminishing returns to current consumption, consumers may choose to spread the extra spending over the long term rather than consuming the proceeds of a tax cut all at once. b. consumers may choose to save much of the tax cut in anticipation of having to pay higher taxes in the future. c. a decrease in taxes will necessitate lower government outlays, thus largely offsetting the higher consumption expenditures of households. d. all of the above. e. a and b only.

Which guideline will keep a mission statement relevant even in changing times?