This question has two parts and concerns the permanent income hypothesis. Which statement best defines the permanent income hypothesis? Consumer spending depends on the level of disposable income that people expect to have over the course of their lifetime. When in a recession, although current consumer spending can be observed, future consumer spending cannot be predicted due to an unknown number of people leaving their temporary recession jobs for higher‑paying, permanent jobs that better fit their skills. Consumer spending is proportional to the ratio of people in stable full‑time employment (that is, with "permanent" income) and people in unstable part‑time employment (that is, with "temporary" income). Consumer spending depends on both the income and wealth of people in the economy. According to the permanent income hypothesis, which situations would result in an immediate increase in consumer spending, which would result in an immediate decrease in consumer spending, and which would result in no change in consumer spending?

Suppose the price of frozen yogurt, a substitute for ice cream, increases. what happens to equilibrium price and quantity of ice cream? a. the price and quantity of ice cream both increase b. the price and quantity of ice cream both decrease c. the price of ice cream increases and the quantity decreases d. the price of ice cream decreases and the quantity increases

Examine the following book-value balance sheet for university products inc. the preferred stock currently sells for $30 per share and pays a dividend of $3 a share. the common stock sells for $16 per share and has a beta of 0.9. there are 2 million common shares outstanding. the market risk premium is 9%, the risk-free rate is 5%, and the firm’s tax rate is 40%. book-value balance sheet (figures in $ millions) assets liabilities and net worth cash and short-term securities $ 2.0 bonds, coupon = 6%, paid annually (maturity = 10 years, current yield to maturity = 8%) $ 5.0 accounts receivable 3.0 preferred stock (par value $15 per share) 3.0 inventories 7.0 common stock (par value $0.20) 0.4 plant and equipment 21.0 additional paid-in stockholders’ equity 13.6 retained earnings 11.0 total $ 33.0 total $ 33.0 a. what is the market debt-to-value ratio of the firm? (do not round intermediate calculations. enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.) b. what is university’s wacc? (do not round intermediate calculations. enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)

The returns on the common stock of maynard cosmetic specialties are quite cyclical. in a boom economy, the stock is expected to return 22 percent in comparison to 9 percent in a normal economy and a negative 14 percent in a recessionary period. the probability of a recession is 35 percent while the probability of a boom is 10 percent. what is the standard deviation of the returns on this stock?