Major companies, such as Citigroup, had wholly owned offshore service centers. Those types of company-owned offshore centers are called captive models. Captive offshoring models reduce the risk of offshoring. A recent study from the Everest Research Institute estimated the costs of third-party offshoring and captive offshoring. The estimates are below. Create a spreadsheet that totals the average cost of each model for each cost item. For example, average the annual salary based on the range for third parties and also the captives. Then calculate the total cost of ownership (TCO) of each model. The difference is the cost of risk. Full-time equivalents (FTEs) are used to standardize labor costs since workers may be part time or full time. For example, two part-time workers equal 1 FTE. The estimates are given in terms of FTEs so the conversion is already done. Based on your results, how much does the captive off-shoring model allow for risk? The answer is the difference between the TCOs of the two models.