An element of the promotional mix that is paid for by the firm and uses direct, personal appeals in the form of a two-way flow of communication is . This promotional element typically works best for .

The market price of cheeseburgers in a college town increased recently, and the students in an economics class are debating the cause of the price increase. some students suggest that the price increased because the price of beef, an important ingredient for making cheeseburgers, has increased. other students attribute the increase in the price of cheeseburgers to a recent increase in college student enrollment.1. the first group of students thinks the increase in the price of cheeseburgers is due to the fact that the price of beef, an important ingredient for making cheeseburgers, has increased. (what happened to demand and supply, shift to the right or left)2. the second group of students attributes the increase in the price of cheeseburgers to the increase in college student enrollment. (what happens to demand and supply, shift to the right or left)3. suppose that both of the events you analyzed above are partly responsible for the increase in the price of cheeseburgers. based on your analysis of the explanations offered by the two groups of students, how would you figure out which of the possible causes was the dominant cause of the increase in the price of cheeseburgers? (choose a, b,c, or d)a)if the price increase was small, then the supply shift in the market for cheeseburgers must have been larger than the demand shift.b)if the equilibrium quantity of cheeseburgers decreases, then the demand shift in the market for cheeseburgers must have been larger than the supply shift.c)if the equilibrium quantity of cheeseburgers decreases, then the supply shift in the market for cheeseburgers must have been larger than the demand shift.d)whichever change occurred first must have been the primary cause of the change in the price of cheeseburgers.

Aprice ceiling is “binding” if the price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price. suppose that the equilibrium price is $5. if a price ceiling is set at $6, this will not affect the market in any way since $5 remains a legally allowable price (since $5 < $6). a price ceiling of $6 is called a “non-binding” price ceiling. on the other hand, if the price ceiling is set at $4, the price ceiling is “binding” because the natural equilibrium price is $5 but that is no longer allowed. what happens when there is a binding price ceiling? at a price below the equilibrium price, quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. there is a shortage. normally, price increases eliminate shortages by increasing quantity supplied and decreasing quantity demanded. in this case, however, price increases are not allowed past the price ceiling. we therefore predict that the observed market price will be right at the price ceiling and there will be a permanent shortage. the observed quantity bought and sold will be dictated by the quantity supplied at the price ceiling. although consumers would like to buy more, there are no more units for sale

Azster inc. recorded sales revenue for the year that ended december 31, 2014 as $67,000. interest revenue of $5,300 and expenses of $14,000 were also recorded for the same period. what is aster’s net profit or loss?