According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

The intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when there is a scarcity in terms of the material resources that are needed and that when there is a presence of each members of the group to have different types of valuing the material resources that is needed.

muslims control the north africa during the period of 1500 up

to 1800. they made a barrier to prevent further european exploration from

entering the africa from the north. however, the dutch ware still able to move

toward the interior with having south africa as one of the routes leading to

the east for trading with asia.