What factors are not important in determining exchange rate fluctuations in the long run?

Gif the federal reserve did not regulate fiscal policy, monitor banks and provide services for banks, what would most likely be the economic conditions to transact business in the u.s.? the economy would primarily be based on a barter system rather than a fiat system. there would be no discrimination in lending by local banks. the economy would be less efficient and transactions most likely more costly.

Barney corporation recognized a $100 million preferred stock balance on 12/31/2019. on january 1, 2020, barney issued $10 million in preferred dividends. on the same date, barney raised an additional $20 million via a new issuance of preferred stock. on december 31, 2020, the market value of the original amount of preferred shares rose $5 million. under us gaap, the 12/31/2020 year ending preferred stock balance is:

Ll companies has sales of $9,800, net income of $1,060, total assets of $8,950, and total debt of $4,760. assets and costs are proportional to sales. debt and equity are not. a dividend of $371 was paid, and the company wishes to maintain a constant payout ratio. next year's sales are projected to be $10,584. what is the amount of the external financing need?