Why is a trade barrier considered protectionist?

The following information relates to wagner, inc.: advertising costs $ 18 comma 600 administrative salaries 17 comma 800 delivery vehicle depreciation 1 comma 500 factory repair and maintenance 600 indirect labor 10 comma 000 indirect materials 18 comma 000 manufacturing equipment depreciation 3 comma 000 office rent 58 comma 000 president's salary 1 comma 100 sales revenue 600 comma 000 sales salary 5 comma 200 how much were wagner's period costs

Pennewell publishing inc. (pp) is a zero growth company. it currently has zero debt and its earnings before interest and taxes (ebit) are $80,000. pp's current cost of equity is 10%, and its tax rate is 40%. the firm has 10,000 shares of common stock outstanding selling at a price per share of $48.00. refer to the data for pennewell publishing inc. (pp). pp is considering changing its capital structure to one with 30% debt and 70% equity, based on market values. the debt would have an interest rate of 8%. the new funds would be used to repurchase stock. it is estimated that the increase in risk resulting from the added leverage would cause the required rate of return on equity to rise to 12%. if this plan were carried out, what would be pp's new value of operations? a. $484,359 b. $521,173 c. $584,653 d. $560,748 e. $487,805

Nextdoor is an instant messaging application for smartphones. new smartphone users find it easier to connect with friends and relatives through this mobile app when compared to other similar instant messaging applications. hence, it has the largest user base in the industry. thus, nextdoor app's value has increased primarily due to itsa. learning curve effects. b. economies of scale. c. economies of scope. d. network effects.