Which phrase describes the substitution effect? a.) buying cheaper alternatives when a product becomes expensive b.)replacing existing producers in a market with new producers c.)replacing existing products in a market with higher-quality products d.)substituting existing technology with a new technology to produce more goods

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Emily spent her summer vacation in buenos aires, argentina, where she got plastic surgery for a fraction of what it would cost in the united states. this is an example of:

phillips, inc. had the following financial data for the year ended december 31, 2019. cash $ 41,000 cash equivalents 75,000 long term investments 59,000 total current liabilities 149,000 what is the cash ratio as of december 31, 2019, for phillips, inc.? (round your answer to two decimal places.)