How does a lone pair contribute to molecular shape? a. it is too small to affect the molecule's shape. b. it takes up space like an "invisible" atom. c. it forces the molecule into a tetrahedral shape. d. it lets the bonding pairs spread out more.

 B. It takes up the space like an "invisible" atom.

Explanation:  Lone pair of electrons are the pair of non bonding electrons which does not take part in the bonding unless and until there is a need of it.

Lone pair of electrons do occupy some space and thus are not too small to affects the molecule's shape.

These never forces the molecules into a tetrahedral shape.

As shown in the water molecule, they are repelling the bonding pairs of electrons so as that the tetrahedral shape gets distorted and force the molecule to take the angular shape.

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when the volume of gas is   changed from   717.73 ml   to 852 ml   the temperature will   change   from 315   c to 452   c

    calculation

this is calculated using the charles law formula

that is,   v1/t1 = v2/t2

          v1=?

        t1 = 315 c   into   kelvin = 315 +273 = 588 k

        v2 = 852   ml

        t2 = 425c + 273 =698 k

make v1   the subject of the formula ( by   multiplying both side by t1)

  v1=( v2 xt1) / t2

v1= (852 ml   x 588 k)/ 698 k= 717.73 ml