16. which of the following does not accurately describe transistors? a. both npn and pnp transistors consist of an emitter, base, and collector. b. both npn and pnp transistors consist of p-type and n-type material. c. both npn and pnp transistors operate in the same manner but with interchanged terminals and opposite directions of voltage and current. d. both npn and pnp transistors consist of a base composed of an n-type material. 20.combining which of the following substances with germanium will cause the germanium to emit free electrons? a. bismuth b. gallium c. aluminum d. indium

16. Answer is "D".

20. Answer is "A - Bismuth".

In transistors, applying an impurity to a pure element to enhance the conductivity is called doping.

There are two types of doping as n-doping and p-doping.

n-doping -

Impurity has more valence electrons than the element of semiconductor. Example is silicon (4 valence electrons)  with phosphorus (impurity with 5 valence electrons)

p-doping -

Impurity has less number of valence electrons than the element of semiconductor. Example is Si (4 valence electrons) with B (3 valence electron impurity).

Here, germanium has 6 valence electrons. To emit free electrons, germanium should combine with substance which has less number of valence electrons as bismuth (5 valence electrons).

atomic number of carbon is 6

electronic configuration of carbon is 1s²2s²2p²

orbital diagram of c is as shown here in the image.