Results in an increase in the number of c-z bonds, where z is an element that is more electronegative than carbon (usually o, n, or x).

The number of C-Z (Where Z = O, N or X means halogen) depends upon the valence electron present in Z. There are mainly covalent bonds between the carbon (c) and other atom. For the covalent bond there needed equal share of electron to produce sigma bond and to generate pi bond there should be vacant or partially filled p-orbital. The electronic configuration of carbon is ., thus there are 4 valence electrons at carbon atom. The valence shell of oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and halogen (x) posses 6, 5 and 7 electrons. The halogens mainly forms sigma bonds only as the other shells of the halogens are filled and they need 1 electron to fulfill the octet. On the other hand for C-N bond the number may be 3 as the nitrogen can form one sigma bond and two pi bonds, whereas oxygen (O) can form maximum 2 C-O bond as it can form one sigma and one pi bond. Thus the chrome of number of C-Z bonds is C-N > C-O > C-X.

in chemistry, adhesion and cohesion are attractive forces that exist between molecules. they hold the molecules together from each other. they are different in that adhesive force exists between molecules of different substance while cohesive force happens between molecules of same substance.

adhesion between water and glass causes water molecules at the edge of water and glass interface to climb up the wall in a narrow glass tube. this is called capillary action. cohesion is what gives glass its shape and causes water to form a droplet.

geosphere and hydrosphere.

this is because the geosphere has to do with geological events, while the hydrosphere controls all water on earth.