How would the results differ if you add sodium p-toluate instead of p-toluic acid to the 2 layer mixture of tert-butyl methyl ether and water?

Hey there!:

That depends on the pH of the water layer. If the water layer is basic or rather just not acidic, it will be in the water layer. If the water layer is acidic, pH 4 or less, it will be in the ether layer.  On the question of upper and lower, either has a density of less than one so it will be the upper layer.

"the periodic table is arranged in order of atomic number."

answer is: naturally occurring solid, inorganic compound or element is mineral.

minerals usually have crystalline form, that means than crystal constituents (atoms, molecules or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

for example magnetite is a mineral of iron oxide (fe₂o₃).

calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (caco₃).

dolomite is an   carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate (camg(co₃)₂).