Methane and water react to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide, like this: ch4(g)+h20(g) → 3 h,(g) + co(g) the reaction is endothermic. suppose a mixture of ch4, h20, h2 and co has come to equilibrium in a closed reaction vessel. predict what change, if any, the perturbations in the table below will cause in the composition of the mixture in the vessel. also decide whether the equilibrium shifts to the right or left. 1st row: perturbation | change in composition | shift in equilibrium 2nd row: the temperature is lowered | thre pressure of ch4, will | to the right/left/none 3rd row: the temperature is raised| thre pressure of co, will | to the right/left/none

Based on Le Chatelier's principle, if a system at equilibrium is disturbed by changes in the temperature, pressure or concentration, then the equilibrium will shift in a direction to undo the effect of the induced change.

The given reaction is endothermic i.e, heat is supplied:

CH4(g) + H2O (g) + heat ↔ 3H2(g) + CO(g)

a) When the temperature is lowered, heat is being removed from the system. The reaction will move in a direction to produce more heat i.e. to the left.

Hence, the pressure of CH4 will increase and equilibrium will shift to the left

b) When the temperature is raised, heat is being added to the system. The reaction will move in a direction to consume the added heat i.e. to the right.

Hence, the pressure of CO will increase and equilibrium will shift to the right

most historians agree that gabriel mouton, the vicar of st. paul’s church in lyons, france, is the “founding father” of the metric system. he proposed a decimal system of measurement in 1670. mouton based it on the length of one minute of arc of a great circle of the earth (now called a nautical mile, 1852 meters). he also proposed the swing-length of a pendulum with a frequency of one beat per second as the unit of length (about 25 cm). a pendulum beating with this length would have been fairly easy to produce, thus facilitating the widespread distribution of uniform standards. over the years, his work was revised, improved, and extended by a number of french scientists.

the political sponsor of weights and measures reform in the french revolutionary national assembly was the bishop of autun, better known as talleyrand. under his auspices, the french academy appointed several committees to carry out the work of developing a usable system of weights and measures for france. one of the committees recommended a decimalized measurement system based upon a length equal to one ten-millionth of the length of a quadrant of the earth’s meridian (i.e., one ten-millionth of the distance between the equator and the north pole).