What characterizes a strong acid or base?

1)polar covalent bonding
2)complete ionization in water
3)ionic bonding
4)presence of a hydroxide or hydrogen ion

It is number 2.

Because an acid or base's strength refers to its degree of ionization. A strong acid will completely ionize in water while a weak acid will only partially ionize.

Therefore, whether a acid is strong or weak is based on their ionization in water. Thus, the same goes for the base.

A strong base is a base which  is completely dissociated in an aqueous solution.

in chemistry, adhesion and cohesion are attractive forces that exist between molecules. they hold the molecules together from each other. they are different in that adhesive force exists between molecules of different substance while cohesive force happens between molecules of same substance.

adhesion between water and glass causes water molecules at the edge of water and glass interface to climb up the wall in a narrow glass tube. this is called capillary action. cohesion is what gives glass its shape and causes water to form a droplet.

a electronegativity decreases beacuse the size of nucleus is bigger.