The direction of the electrochemical gradient for na+ is:
a. opposite to the electrical gradient for na+
b. the same as the concentration gradient for na+
c. the same as the electrochemical gradient for k+
d. the same as the concentration gradient for k+

C. the same as the electrochemical gradient for K+

Explanation:

The direction of the electrochemical gradient for Na+ is: C. the same as the electrochemical gradient for K+

The electrochemical gradient is the sum of the electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion

Na+ and K+ are both positive ions so will experience the same electrochemical gradient.A Na+ and K+ pump puts Na+ outside the membrane and K+ into it.

I’m guessing you’re more alert to yourself or your surroundings if you’re more concentrated

For cyclohexane compounds drawn in a chair conformation:   -axial bonds are vertical  -equatorial bonds are parallel to two bonds within the ring.  thus, as i assume the chair conformation is drawn:   -the x group is in an axial position, as are the five other vertical bonds.  -three axial bonds are on the top face of the ring  -the other three axial bonds are on the bottom face  the position of the second substituent on each ring carbon is equatorial.  gauche groups must be on an adjacent carbon such as carbon 6 and carbon 2, and also gauche groups are rotated by 60 degrees relative to each other.  drawing the newman projections for c1–c2 and c1–c6 aids in visualizing the groups that are gauche to the y group on c1.  click this link and watch some academic videos that may you more understand the topic