Nitrogen (n) normally forms three covalent bonds with a valence of 5. however, ammonium has four covalent bonds, each to a different hydrogen (h) atom (h has a valence of 1). what do you predict to be the charge on ammonium?

positve 1

Explanation:

Since the Nitrogen is a neutral atom when is in it basic form. Tend to loose 3 electrons, that is the reason why it has  a valence of 5, this means that are 3 available places for positives charges, to complete the octet, and to be neutral again.

In the case of ammonium, since the Nitrogen receives 4 positives charges, one positive charge from each Hydrogen atom, the amount of positive charges are more than the negative charges.  That is the reason the ammoniun has 1+. NH4 1+  

indicate valleys, hills, steepness and gentleness of slopes.

explanation:

contour lines on a map indicate elevation, or depth. numeric notations on contour lines refer to the level of elevation, or height about sea level.

level 4 to level 2 : ))