An atom of beryllium (m = 8.00 u) splits into two atoms of helium (m = 4.00 u) with the release of 92.2 kev of energy. suppose the beryllium atom moved in the positive x direction and had a kinetic energy of 38.7 kev. one of the helium atoms is found to be moving in the positive x direction. find the direction of motion of the second helium, and find the velocity of each of the two helium atoms. solve this problem in two different ways: by direct application of conservation of momentum and energy; and by applying the results if the original beryllium atom is at rest to a frame of reference moving with the original beryllium atom and then switching to the reference frame in which the beryllium is moving.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

the answer is b. dilution