Fossil fuels form natural­ly from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago. this is harvested as crude oil and it contains many hydrocarbons, or molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon in various lengths and structures. the refining process uses separation and a technique called conversion, to turn longer chain molecules such as in diesel fuel are broken into shorter ones forming gasoline.

Phosgene (carbonyl chloride), cocl2, is an extremely toxic gas that is used in manufacturing certain dyes and plastics. phosgene can be produced by reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine gas at high temperatures: co(g) cl2(g)⇌cocl2(g) carbon monoxide and chlorine gas are allowed to react in a sealed vessel at 477 ∘c . at equilibrium, the concentrations were measured and the following results obtained: gas partial pressure (atm) co 0.830 cl2 1.30 cocl2 0.220 what is the equilibrium constant, kp, of this reaction