Chemistry, 25.09.2019 01:30 jandrew2052

The lowa regional utilities association (ilrua) is contracted to receive up to 3.0 million gallons per day of water from the newton and marshalltown water works, and is able to treat an additional 3.0 million gallons per day at the waverly treatment plant. the treated water from all three sources has an average temperature of 55 °f (12.8 °c), and is distributed to 27 water towers by 31 pumping stations. the irua distribution system consists of over 4,656 miles of pipeline ranging in diameter from 2 in. to 20 in.3 a. calculate the volumetric flow rate [gal/min] of water to each pumping station, assuming that the water is distributed equally amongst the 31 pumping stations. b. density (p) is the reciprocal of specific volume (v). use table b.5 from elementary principles of chemical processes to calculate the density [lbm/ft] of the distributed water. c. use the provided nomograph to determine the mass flow rate [lbm/h] of water to each pumping station. d. use the provided nomograph to determine the range of the velocity [ft/s] of water to each pumping station for the provided range of pipeline diameters, and compare this range to the stated range of reasonable velocities for water flow through city pipe. e. the 27 water towers have a range of capacities from 150,000 gallons to 2,000,000 gallons.3 based upon this information comment on the validity of the assumption that the water is distributed equally to the 31 pumping stations, and discuss how this may impact the velocities determined in part d.

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The state or quality of being humid.a quantity representing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gas.

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Ithink it’s carbon dioxide

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Answer(false);

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the missing options are :

(1) lower boiling point and a lower freezing point(2) lower boiling point and a higher freezing point(3) higher boiling point and a lower freezing point(4) higher boiling point and a higher freezing point

answer : the correct answer is option (3) higher boiling point and a lower freezing point

explanation :

when a non volatile solute is added to a solvent like water, it results in elevation of boiling point.

let us find the increase in boiling point of water when cacl₂ is added to water to make a solution of 1 m

step 1 : find molality of the solution

let us assume we have 1 l of solution.

$m = \frac{moles (solute)}{l ( solution)}$

$1 m = \frac{moles (cacl_{2})}{1 l }= 1 mol cacl_{2}$

let us convert this to grams of cacl₂.

molar mass of cacl2 is 111 g/mol

grams of cacl₂ = $1 mol \times \frac{111g}{mol} = 111 g cacl_{2}$

mass of solute = 111 g

assuming density of solution same as water which is 1g/ml we have ,

mass of solution = density * volume

mass of solution = $\frac{1g}{ml} \times 1000 ml = 1000 g$

mass of solution = mass of solvent + mass of solute

mass of solute = 1000g - 111g

mass of solute 889 g = 0.889 kg

the molality of the solution can be calculated as

$molality = \frac{mol (solute)}{kg ( solvent)}$

$molality = \frac{1mol}{0.889kg}$

molality = 1.12 m

step 2 : find boiling point elevation.

the elevation in boiling point is calculated as

$\bigtriangleup t_{b} = i \times k_{b} \times m$

here δtb = boiling point elevation

i = vant hoff factor which is the number of ions formed by the solute .

cacl₂ dissociates as $cacl_{2} \rightarrow ca^{2+} + 2 cl^{-}$

it forms 3 ions . therefore,

i = 3

m = molality which is 1.12 m

kb is constant for a given solvent. for water it is 0.512

$\bigtriangleup t_{b} = 3 \times 0.512 \times 1.12$

$\bigtriangleup t_{b} = 1.7$

the boiling point of water increases by 1.7 °c

step 3: find freezing point depression.

when a non volatile solute is added to water, it results in decrease in freezing point.

the formula to find freezing point depression is

$\bigtriangleup t_{f} = i \times k_{f} \times m$

kf is constant for water and its value is 1.86

$\bigtriangleup t_{f} = 3 \times 1.86 \times 1.12$

$\bigtriangleup t_{f} = 6.2$

the freezing point of water decreases by 6.2 °c

therefore we can say that, the solution will have a higher boiling point and a lower freezing point

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