Which of the following statements about chemical equilibrium are not
true?
a the equilibrium constant is dependent on temperature.
b the equilibrium constant is independent of the concentrations of
reactants or products at certain reaction conditions.
c the initial concentrations of reactants and products will affect the
equilibrium position.
d when starting with only reactants, only the forward reaction will take
place until equilibrium is reached.
e when starting with only the products, the reverse reaction rate will exceed
the forward reaction rate until equilibrium is reached.

B. The equilibrium constant is independent of the concentrations of

reactants or products at certain reaction conditions.

D. When starting with only reactants, only the forward reaction will take

place until equilibrium is reached.

Explanation:

Hello,

For the B. option, remember that law of mass action states that the equilibrium constant always depends on the concentration or at least one variable defining the amount of substance.

For the D option, remember that the particles are in constant motion so there is going to be a progressive increasing in the product's concentration which also will promote the reverse reaction until equilibrium is reached.

Best regards.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

pv=nrt

explanation: