2. the main goal of donders’s reaction time experiments was to: a. show that cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences. b. determine differences in the way people react to stimuli. c. demonstrate that reaction times can be measured accurately. d. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

D.

Explanation:

The main goal of Donders’s reaction time experiments was to measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

alchemy hadn't scientific methods of study, appeal to mysticism and fantasy, the knowledge of chemistry and physics were modest at that time.

alchemy was - but as new rules were discovered it either changed into chemistry or it became "unscientific".