If you are using a thermometer, you are measuring the

average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

amount of radiant energy emitted from a substance.

maximum amount of heat energy released by a substance.

potential energy contained in the particles of a substance.

Ithink the answer is a or d.

Spontaneity tell us the direction of the reaction, but not how fast it goes. gibbs free energy brings together enthalpy, entropy and temperature in one easy formula. g = h - ts. and, finally the sign of delta g is always negative for a spontaneous reaction.

No because it not possibly

Those are different gas lawshere is a brief description of themcharles's law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long as pressure is held constant.  boyle's law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperature.gay-lussac's law introduces a direct proportionality between temperature and pressure as long as it is at a constant volume.    source: