Carbohydrate-synthesizing reactions of photosynthesis directly require

light, chlorophyll,

Explanation:

Light energy drives the synthesis of carbohydrates from corbondioxide and water with the generation of oxygen. Meanwhile chlorophyll helps in the capturing of this light energy.

specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of water. since (at standard temperature and pressure) water has a density of 1 gram/cm3, and since all of the units cancel, specific gravity is usually very close to the same value as density

so "c" is the answer

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the old alchemists made significant contributions to science even though there starting premises were off a bit. their conclusions after failure would steer them into better directions for investigation. science is no more than close observation and the initial mistakes result in rethinking and retrying experiments.