Identify the group of elements that corresponds to each of the following generalized electron configurations and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for each: (a) [noble gas] ns^2 np^5 (b) [noble gas] ns^2 (n-1)d^2 (c) [noble gas] ns^2 (n-1)d^10 np^1 (d)[noble gas] ns^2 (n-2)f^6

(a) [Noble gas] ns² np⁵: Number of unpaired electron is 1 and belongs to group 17 i.e. halogen group of the periodic table.

(b) [noble gas] ns² (n-1)d²: Number of unpaired electron is 2 and belongs to group 4 of the periodic table.

(c) [noble gas] ns² (n-1)d¹⁰ np¹: Number of unpaired electron is 1 and belongs to group 13 of the periodic table.

(d)[noble gas] ns² (n-2)f⁶ : Number of unpaired electron is 6 and belongs to group 8 of the periodic table.

Explanation:

In the Periodic table, the chemical elements are arranged in 7 rows, called periods and 18 columns, called groups. They are organized in increasing order of atomic numbers.

(a) [Noble gas] ns² np⁵

As the total number of electrons in the p-orbital is 5. Therefore, the number of unpaired electron is 1.

This element has 2 electrons in ns orbital and 5 electrons in np orbital. So there are 7 valence electrons.

Therefore, this element belongs to the group 17 i.e. halogen group of the periodic table.

(b) [noble gas] ns² (n-1)d²

As the total number of electrons in the d-orbital is 2. Therefore, the number of unpaired electrons is 2.

This element has 2 electrons in ns orbital and 2 electrons in (n-1)d orbital. So there are 4 valence electrons.

Therefore, this element belongs to the group 4 of the periodic table.

(c) [noble gas] ns² (n-1)d¹⁰ np¹

As the total number of electrons in the p-orbital is 1. Therefore, the number of unpaired electron is 1.

This element has 2 electrons in ns orbital and 1 electron in np orbital. So there are 3 valence electrons.

Therefore, this element belongs to the group 13 of the periodic table.

(d)[noble gas] ns² (n-2)f⁶

As the total number of electrons in the f-orbital is 6. Therefore, the number of unpaired electron is 6.

This element has 2 electrons in ns orbital and 6 electrons in (n-2)f orbital. So there are 8 valence electrons.

Therefore, this element belongs to the group 8 of the periodic table.

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