1. what is the difference between a systematic error and a random error?

internal standard experiments really change what was a random error into a systematic error and then the systematic error is corrected. explain this in terms of our experiment.

Random error causes a slight difference of one measurement to from the next. It is quite unpredictable in it's variation during an experiment.

Systematic error always affects measurements by the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. It is predictable

Analytical errors are considered as either systematic or random. Different quality control rules in different regions comes in handy in detecting and regulating different analytical errors.

Explanation:

Here are some examples :

Systematic Error includes errors within the bounds of intrinsic method bias, instrument bias, reagent lot bias, calibration bias, within run bias.

Random Error includes errors that springs up from matrix interference, mechanical variation, electrical interference, photometer/detector variation, specimen problems (fibrin clots).

Acceptable errors may also exist and thus exist as implied by its name.

Leadership is key as it is an umpire to deciding and minimising these errors when it characterises them. It should circumspect key aspects like trust, setting an example, developing staff and critically setting the vision for the organisation.

Organisations may also have internal characteristics such as the degree of formalisation, centralisation, and complexity.

Medical organisations can have internal tensions because of the dichotomy between the bureaucratic and the shadow medical structures, errors should be minimal in all these.

- calcium has greater affinity to bond with electron receptors than hydrogen does and hence, it has the ability to replace hydrogen in most of its compounds.

- lithium has 2 valence electrons in the product because it can make only 1 bond with hydrogen. beryllium has 4 valence electrons in the product because it can only make 2 bonds. it has fewer electrons than neon and can react with electron donors. each hydrogen has 2 valence electrons, the same as helium.

- the covalent bond formed between carbon and hydrogen is polar because carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen and it attracts the bonded electron pair closer to itself, thus giving hydrogen a partial positive charge.

- a hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond that hydrogen atoms make with the electronegative atoms nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

so the best choice is a.) 2 calcium (ca) atoms