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13. succession is possible because
a. existing plants reproduce quickly.
b. new species make the environment less suitable for previous ones.
c. climates change over time.
d. it is a rapid and chaotic process that is very difficult to control.

The correct option is b. new species make the environment less suitable for previous ones.

Explanation:

In ecology, succession can be described as the changes in a species structure over a period of time. In a community, newer species tend to have better characteristics and adaptations to survive in a community as compared to the older ones. As a result, the new species begin to take over the land and the older ones gets removed. It is due to ecological succession that climax communities are formed from pioneer species.

answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.