Apply concepts hard water contains calcium
and magnesium ions. one way to soften water
is to add sodium phosphate. write complete
and net ionic equations for the reaction of these
two alkaline earth ions with aqueous sodium
phosphate.

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a saline water is fed to a reverse osmosis unit at flow rate o rotameter connected to reject (retentate) line reads 8 installed in reject and permeate line reads 15.2 milli siemens/cm and 300 micro siemens/com respectively.

in the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow, we frequently encounter the combination of properties u and pv.