Choose the statements that describe why the isomerization reaction is critical for the subsequent cleavage reaction that results in formation of two threeâcarbon sugars in the glycolytic pathway.
the carbon of a carbonyl group has a partial positive charge and can delocalize electrons to facilitate cleavage of the c-c bond. without the isomerization reaction, c-1 will be the carbonyl carbon and the c-c cleavage will occur between c-2 and c-3
breaking a c-c bond is energetically unfavorable and can only proceed if a functional group with electronegative atoms is adjacent to the cleavage site to stabilize the reaction intermediates
to cleave a c-c bond, a nucleophilic carbon attacks the adjacent electrophilic carbon. the isomerization reaction moves the carbonyl group to c-2 thus making it a nucleophile that can attack c-3 to generate two three-carbon sugars
the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon can stabilize the carbon radicals formed by the homolytic cleavage of the c-c bond in the six-carbon sugar. since the c-c cleavage occurs between c-3 and c-4 of the six-carbon sugar, the carbonyl group needs to be on c-2
cleavage of a c-c bond in the six-carbon sugar occurs via a decarboxylation reaction that requires a carbonyl group adjacent to cleavage site to stabilize the carbanion intermediate

  remember that hf is only the energy of one photon. not two. not three. one.  1) 5.12 * 10^3 photons  find the energy of one photon, then determine how many photons are needed to reach the sensitivity.  e = hf  = (6.626 * 10^-34 js)(5.95 * 10^19 hz)  = 3.94247 * 10^-14 j per photon  (2.02 * 10^-10 j) / (3.94247 * 10^-14 j/photon) = 5123.69149 photons  round to three sig figs.  2) 5.77 * 10^-17 j  energy of pulse = energy per photon * number of photons  = hfn  = (6.626 * 10^-34 js)(1.66 * 10^13 hz)(5250)  = 5.774559 * 10^-17 j  round to three sig figs.  3) 4.07 * 10^8 kj/mol  10^12 pm = 1 m  c = fλ  f = c/λ  e = hf  = hc/λ  = [(6.626 * 10^-34 js)(3.00 * 10^8 m/s) / (2.94 * 10^-12 m)](1 kj/1000 j)(6.02 * 10^23 photons/mol)  = 40702571.4 kj/mol  round to three sig figs.  4) 9.94 * 10^-1 m  e = hc/λ  λ = hc / e  = (6.626 * 10^-34 js)(3.00 * 10^8 m/s) / (2.00 * 10^-25 j)  = 0.9939 m  round to three sig figs.  5) 9.06 * 10^3 photons  energy of pulse = energy per photon * number of photons  number of photons = energy of pulse / energy per photon  = energy of pulse / (hf)  = (3.87 * 10^-13 j) / [(6.626 * 10^-34 js)(6.45 * 10^16 hz)]  = 9055.23695 photons  round to three sig figs.  6) 2.78 * 10^-15 j  this is problem 1, except in reverse.  sensitivity = minumum number of photons * energy per photon  = (5930)(6.626 * 10^-34 js)(7.077 * 10^14 hz)  = 2.78070758 × 10^-15 j  round to three sig figs.

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