Born and Meyer developed a quantitative theory of bonding in ionic crystals in which the potential energy of the system is given by

E = NA/R^n - N alpha e^2/ (4 piEoR')

Explanation:

Where N = number of positive ion pairs

e= magnitude

R= interatomic distance

n = the Born exponent

E = NA/ R^n - N alpha e^ 2/(4 piEoR)

Explanation:Where N = number of positive ion pairs

e = magnitude

R= interatomic distance

n= Born exponent

chemists can use the electron cloud model to assign electrons to different atomic orbitals. atomic orbitals also explain the patterns in the periodic table

explanation:

tracks, burrows, eggshells, nests, tooth marks, or gastroliths