During a skin burn from an oven, approximate the skin and tissue layer to be infinitely thick compared to the damaged layer. The temperature throughout the entire skin and tissue layer is uniform at 33ºC before contact with the oven, and the surface layer of skin increases to the temperature of the oven, 200ºC, instantaneously upon contact. Find the depth of the damaged layer of skin after 2 seconds of exposure to the oven temperature. Consider skin as being damaged when it reaches 62ºC. The thermal diffusivity of skin is 2.5 x 10-7 m2/s.

The depth of the damage is given as

Explanation:

From Fick's second law

Where

  is the temperature when the skin is damage

  is the initial temperature of the skin

  is the temperature of the oven

 erf is a mathematical function known as error function

  D is the thermal diffusivity

 x is the depth of the damage

From the question we are given that

             = 62°C

              = 33°C

            D   =  

Substituting values into equation one

       Let assume that  

Hence

Looking at the table of error function shown on the first uploaded image

 We can use interpolation to obtain the value of z in this manner

                     z = 0.96

 Substituting the value of z into equation 2

since the atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, as we move to the left on the periodic table, the electrostatic pull between the nucleus and the valence electron shell decreases. as we move down a group (vertical column), the valence shell energy level gets further and further from the nucleus.