Which of the following statements is true? a) Processes are spontaneous because they occur at an observable rate. b) Spontaneity can depend on the temperature. c) Processes that are spontaneous in one direction are spontaneous in the opposite direction. d) All of the statements are true.

13. calculate the initial concentration (before precipitation) of carbonate ions after the addition of each 0.05 ml of solution b to the 1.00 l beaker of solution a. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3. assume the volume change as solution b is added is negligible. 14. notice the initial concentrations of zn2+ - and cu2+ in the table in model 3. a. explain how these were obtained from the data in model 2. b. as solution b is added and precipitates form, do these initial concentrations change? 15. use the data in model 2 to indicate the presence of precipitate (either znco3 or cuco3) after each 0.05 ml addition of solution b in model 3. 16. use the initial concentrations of carbonate ions and zinc ions to calculate the reaction quotient, qsp for the zinc carbonate scenarios in model 3. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3. 17. use the initial concentrations of carbonate ion and copper(ii) ions to calculate the qsp for the copper(ii) carbonate scenarios in model 3. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3.

Neils bohr believed that electrons orbited the nucleus in different energy levels, based on strong support from

1. explain hydrogen peroxide, h 2 o 2 properties and decomposition reaction. 2. describe how each of the following natural cycles plays a part in earth’s climate system. (a) the water cycle (b) the carbon cycle