G protein‑coupled receptors (GPCRs) transform external stimuli to intracellular signals. The G protein associated with the receptor is activated by ligand binding, regulating an enzyme that produces a second messenger. The second messenger, in turn, brings about changes within the cell. Components of two common second messenger pathways are given. Identify the next component of each signaling pathway. Each compound or ion may be used once or more than once. One target requires two answers. The given abbreviations are used: cAMP, cyclic AMP; DAG, diacylglycerol; IP3, inositol triphosphate; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5‑bisphosphate; PKA, protein kinase A (cAMP‑dependent protein kinase); PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C.

The question lacks the correct table format. The correct table has been attached below.

The G protein‑coupled receptors are used for the signaling cascade for the transmission of cell signaling and cell communication. These receptors require primary messengers as well as secondary messenger.  

The primary messenger activates the secondary messenger that activates the signaling in the cell. IP3 requires Calcium as secondary messenger, PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and  PLC, phospholipase C requires  IP3 and DAG ( diacylglycerol) as signaling molecule. cyclic AMP requires Protein kinase A and calcium requires protein kinase C. ATP and adenylyl cyclase has cAMP as secondary messenger and DAG requires PKC as secondary molecules.

according to the u.s. department of agriculture, the label of "certified organic" comes with a set of highly regulated standards for environmental stewardship and resource conservation. some of these include maintenance and improvement of soil quality, prevention of ground and surface water contamination, greenhouse gas regulation, encouragement of biodiversity and conservation of water and energy (see references 1). organic practices integrate natural methods such as mulching, plant diversity, native and adapted plants, crop rotation and the introduction of beneficial insects to control pests without synthetic pesticides.

environmental implications of pesticides

synthetic pesticides ensure high crop yields. while effective in achieving this goal, pesticides contaminate soil, air, ground and surface water, as well as the plants and animals that come into contact with these contaminated sources. freshwater and marine organisms are particularly susceptible to pesticides through agricultural runoff. pesticides also reduce soil fertility (necessitating the use of synthetic fertilizers) and can travel far from the original source, contaminating water and air hundreds of miles from the location of application (see references 2).

health implications of organics

although a subject of particular debate, many recent findings show that organic food is healthier than conventionally grown food. according to the usda, an extensive european union-funded study found that organically grown foods contain more beneficial compounds, such as the vitamins and antioxidants needed to combat many diseases (see references 5). organic milk, meat and eggs are regulated to ensure they are free of hormones administered to conventional livestock and poultry.

health implications of pesticides

pesticides affect human health in three ways: through skin contact, inhalation and ingestion. acute and long-term exposure to pesticides can cause serious health problems for farmers who apply them. the majority of other people are affected by drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated marine life (see references 3). pesticides have been linked to neurological disorders, endocrine and reproductive disorders, immune system deficiencies and cancer. according to the world health organization, acute pesticide poisoning (app) is responsible for significant annual mortality, especially in developing nations (see references 4).

other important considerations

not every small farm or business owner can afford the costly certification process required to be considered "certified organic," even if the farm is not using chemicals. "transitional" farms include those that once used chemicals and are now transitioning to organic-only production. in addition, though organic farming methods offer obvious environmental benefit, an organic apple shipped from around the world creates a different set of environmental problems. locally grown food (particularly locally grown, organic food) is key in sustainable food production.