Predict the shift in the equilibrium position that will occur for each of the following reactions when the volume of the reaction container is increased.
a. 2 NH3 (g) ↔ N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)
b. PCl5 (g) ↔ PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
c. 2 HF (g) ↔ H2 (g) + F2 (g)
d. COCl2 (g) ↔ CO (g) + Cl2 (g)
e. CaO (s) + CO2 (g) ↔ CaCO3 (s)

Explanation:

a. An increase in  volume will favour the forward reaction, thus more product formation.

b.  An increase in volume will favour the forward reaction, thus more product formation.

c.   An increase in volume will have no effect on the equilibrium and thus there is no shift in the direction because they both have equal number of moles of reactants and products.

d.  An increase in volume will favour the forward reaction, thus more product formation.

e. There is no effect on the equilibrium system in terms of volume change because of the presence of solid substance in the reactant and products.