How do high levels of alkaline phosphatase indicate a bone abnormality

Bones make an isoenzyme called alkaline phosphatase-2 or (ALP-2). Levels of this enzyme increase when bones are growing or bone cells are active. An alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme test can indicate abnormal levels of bone growth that may be associated with conditions such as: Paget's disease of bone.

Explanation:

ALP (alkaline phosphatase) is an enzyme found in your bloodstream. It helps break down proteins in the body and exists in different forms, depending on where it originates.

The bones and liver are the main sources of ALP, but some is also made in your bones, intestines, pancreas, and kidneys. In pregnant women, ALP is made in the placenta.

The ALP test can be helpful in the diagnosis of bone problems such as: rickets, a weakening or softening of the bones in children that’s most commonly due to a significant deficiency of vitamin D or calcium osteomalacia, a softening of the bones in adults usually due to significant vitamin D deficiency, but also possibly due to the body’s inability to process and use vitamin D properly.

Paget’s disease of the bone, a disorder causing major problems with bone destruction and regrowth

An alkaline phosphatase level test (ALP test) measures the amount of alkaline phosphatase enzyme in your bloodstream. The test requires a simple blood draw and is often a routine part of other blood tests.

Abnormal levels of ALP in the blood most often indicate a problem with your liver, gallbladder, or bones. However, they may also indicate malnutrition, kidney cancer tumors, intestinal issues, a pancreas problem, or a serious infection.

The normal range of ALP varies from person to person and depends on ones age, blood type, gender, and pregnancy.

The normal range for serum ALP level is 20 to 140 IU/L.

The normal range runs higher in children and decreases with age.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.