Achemical reaction that proceeds spontaneously
must run in the direction that lowers the free energy
must produce products that are more ordered than the reactant molecules
must proceed without an input of external energy
must take place in a very short amount of time

A chemical reaction that proceeds spontaneously must run in the direction that lowers the free energy.

Explanation:

Spontaneity is related to the free energy (ΔG), which is related to entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH).

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

It is stated that a spontaneous reaction will release energy, therefore decreasinf the free energy.

This will definitely happen if the reaction is exothermic (proceeds without an imput of energy; ΔH < 0) and the products are more disordered (ΔS>0).

A reaction can be endothermic ( requires an imput of energy; ΔH > 0) if the temperature and ΔS are high enough.

c, liquids evaporate, creating a gas

the best answer is d because the strong cohesion is caused by the ability of water molecules to undergo hydrogen bonding.

a is incorrect because when water solidifies, it becomes   ice, which expands and occupies a bigger volume for the same mass of water in its liquid state.

b is incorrect because water has high surface tension. besides bonding to itself it hydrogen bonds to other molecules at the top decreasing possibility for breaking of attractive forces.

c is incorrect because the water molecule has oxygen which is highly electronegative and so pulls the electron pair towards itself creating a dipole moment, making the molecule polar.

e is incorrect because water has strong adhesion, ability to stick to other molecules such as glass because of this molecules having stronger hydrogen bonding than water.