Explain the following characteristics of transition elements with reference to ZR/HF.
1. Ionic radii
2. Oxidation state
3. Magnetic properties
4. Spectral properties

a. a clone will be physically identical to the original, but won’t be genetically identical

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chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. these processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur, which are called endothermic reactions. understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry.