Why is the mesosphere colder than the troposphere

Explain the relationship between forward and backward reactions in equilibrium, and predict how changing the amount of a reactant (creating a tension) will affect that relationship.

Which of the following observations indicates that there is a small, dense, positively charged part in the center of an atom? some uncharged particles are scattered by a gold foil. all uncharged particles are attracted towards a gold foil. all positively charged particles pass straight through a gold foil. some positively charged particles bounce back from a gold foil.

A50.0g sample of liquid water at 0.0 c ends up as ice at -20.0 c. how much energy is involved in this change?