The cytochromes are heme‑containing proteins that function as electron carriers in the mitochondria. Calculate the difference in the reduction potential (ΔE∘′) and the change in the standard free energy (ΔG∘′) when the electron flow is from the carrier with the lower reduction potential to the higher.

cytochrome c1 (Fe3+) + e − <> cytochrome c1 (Fe2+) E∘′= 0.22 V
cytochrome c (Fe3+) + e − <---> cytochrome c (Fe2+) E∘′= 0.254 V

Calculate Δ E ∘ ′ and Δ G ∘ ′ .