(c) (i) Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium

Its outer electron is in the 3p-orbital which is slightly further from the nucleus and is shielded by the 3s-orbital and is therefore requires less energy to remove than the magnesium's outer electron which is closer and not as shielded.

Explanation:

Think of it as going to grab something. Are you going to want to grab the closest item or walk another 30 feet to get something else? Most would choose the shorter path and that is what these electrons do also.

nanotechnology is a powerful tool in biomaterials research as it creates numerous possibilities for the engineering of functional molecules. nano-bio refers to projected ability to incorporate biomimicry into various materials at nanoscale.  

possibly, yes.

explanation:

the amount of sugar you take in is dangerously high, risk of heart disease, high risk of diabetes, and etc.