Buffer capacity is a measure of a buffer solution's resistance to changes in pH as strong acid or base is added. Suppose that you have 125 mL of a buffer that is 0.360 M in both acetic acid ( CH 3 COOH ) and its conjugate base ( CH 3 COO − ) . Calculate the maximum volume of 0.300 M HCl that can be added to the buffer before its buffering capacity is lost.

The maximum volume is 122.73 mL

Explanation:

125 mL of butter that is 0.360 M in CH₃COOH and CH₃COO⁻.

pKa of acetic acid = 4.76

Using Henderson Hasselbalch equation.

pH =pKa + log

= 4.76 +

= 4.76

Assuming the pH of the buffer changes by a unit of 1 , then it will lose its' buffering capacity.

When HCl is added , it reacts with  CH₃COO⁻ to give CH₃COOH.

However, [CH₃COOH] increases and the log term  results in a negative value.

Let  assume, the new pH is less than 4.76

Let say 3.76; calculating the concentration when the pH is 3.76; we have

3.76 = 4.76 + log

log = 4.76 - 3.76

log = 1.00

= 0.1

Let number of  moles of acid be x   (i.e change in moles be x);  &

moles of acetic acid and conjugate base present be = Molarity × Volume

= 0.360 M × 125 mL

= 45 mmol

replacing initial concentrations and change in the above expression; we have;

0.1(45 + x) = 45 - x

4.5 + 0.1 x = 45 -x

0.1 x + x = 45 -4.5

1.1 x = 40.5

x = 40.5/1.1

x = 36.82

So, moles of acid added = 36.82 mmol

Molarity = 0.300 M

So, volume of acid = =  

= 122.73 mL

pure water does not conduct electricity very well. however, when certain substances are dissolved in water, the solution does conduct electricity. you can make a simple device that shows how well a solution conducts electricity. this device uses a flashlight bulb to indicate how well the solution conducts electricity. the better the solution conducts electricity, the brighter the bulb will glow.

explanation:

answer: - 3.) the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

solution: - as per the rules, oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is -2. the sum of oxidation numbers of all the elements of a molecule or compound is zero.

also, the oxidation number in elemental form is zero.

in no, the oxidation number of o is -2 so the oxidation number of n is +2 so that the sum is zero.

similarly, the oxidation number of c in co is +2 and o is -2.

on product side the oxidation number of n is 0 as it is in the elemental form() .

oxidation number of c in carbon dioxide is +4 as there are two oxygen in it and we know that each oxygen is -2.

so, oxidation number of n is changing from +2 to 0 and the oxidation number of c is changing from +2 to +4.

since nitrogen is reduced and hence no is acting as an oxidizing agent. carbon is oxidized and so co is acting as a reducing agent.

so, the right choice is number 3.)the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.