Air in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes a process from state 1, where T1 = 300 K, p1 = 100 kPa, to state 2, where T2 = 500 K, p2 = 650 kPa. Using the ideal gas model for air, determine the change in specific entropy between these states, in kJ/kg ⋅ K, if the process occurs (a) without internal irreversibilities, (b) with internal irreversibilities.

Firstly, the water in the dams hold gravitational potential energy as they are above ground level. the gravitational potential energy is then transferred to kinetic energy as it falls, spinning the turbinethe turbine then spins the generator, which is a large magnet surrounded by metal coils. by doing this, the generator generates electricity. in this action, the energy transfer taken place is kinetic to electric energy